I really don't get my information from Fox News (
Keith Olbermann used to call them "Fixed News"), but they showed up on Google with an
article about a Republican Senator,
Mark Kirk, who just returned from the
Horn of Africa. This, by the way, is this Mark Kirk who 'replaced' Barack Obama in Illinois when he became Prseident. Senator Kirk thinks the U.S. Navy needs to get much tougher on the Somalis. What struck me was this quote: "We should recall our Jeffersonian past and blockade main pirate port locations." "Jeffersonian past?" It didn't compute at first, and then I recalled that era when piracy was a major problem for the very young United States.
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Barbary Corsair Dragut Reis |
The
Barbary Corsairs were pirates in the sense that they were thieves at sea, but they were a very particular kind of brigand. These raiders from the
Barbary Coast, the area named by Europeans for the Berber inhabitants, had been bothering European ships and towns for centuries before Jefferson's time.
Tunis,
Tripoli, and
Algiers, the chief ports, were nominally part of the Ottoman Empire, because Moors exiled from Spain in 1492 were fair game until the Sultan offered them protection. In fact these were pirate city-states whose chief source of income was plunder. Their main booty was not gold or goods but slaves: It has been said that perhaps a million or more Europeans were captured between 1530 and 1780. There was both religious and monetary drive behind the Corsairs' activity. For one, all Europeans were infidels, and capturing them was in their Muslim worldview a guaranteed ticket to paradise. For another, there was profit in either selling the captives directly into slavery or getting paid a ransom for their freedom. The captives could be slaves for years, working as manual laborers, domestic servants, or--worst of all--oarsmen aboard the dreaded Barbary
galleys. Some of the most successful Corsairs were not Moors at all but Englishmen and Europeans who had lost their privateering commissions between the many religious wars of the time and turned full pirate. This is not, of course, unlike the buccaneers and pirates of the Caribbean, but here these turncoats were potentially enslaving their own countrymen. Key among these scoundrels was
Jack Ward, an Englishman who introduced square-rigged ships to the Barbary fleet and thus made the Corsairs the dominant maritime force in the Mediterranean in the 17th century.